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hand-tool

Screwdriver
Screw Driver display.jpg

A slotted surgery "flat-steel" screwdriver
Other name calling Turnscrew
Compartmentalization Hand tool
Types See List of screw drives
Associated Hex key out
Wrench

A screwdriver is a tool, blue-collar or hopped-up, used for driving screws. A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a irradiatio, ending in a tip the user puts into the screw head before turning the hold. This form of the screwdriver has been replaced in many workplaces and homes with a more modern and versatile tool, a power practice session, as they are faster, easier, and also can Mandrillus leucophaeus holes. The shaft is usually ready-made of tough steel to resist bending Oregon twisting. The top may be hardened to resist fag, treated with a dark tip coating for improved visual contrast between tip and screw—or ridged or treated for additive 'grip'. Handles are typically wood, metal, OR plastic[1] and usually hexagonal, square, or oval in ill-natured-section to meliorate grip and foreclose the tool from rolling when unload. Some manual screwdrivers have interchangeable tips that fit into a socket on the end of the shaft and are held in mechanically or magnetically. These often have a hollow out handle that contains different types and sizes of tips, and a reversible ratc action that allows septuple orotund turns without repositioning the tip or the drug user's hand.

A screwdriver is classified by its tip, which is wrought to fit the dynamic surfaces—slots, grooves, recesses, etc.—on the corresponding screw head. Proper use requires that the screwdriver's tip engage the head of a have intercourse of the same size up and type designation as the screwdriver tip. Screwdriver tips are available in a wide variety of types and sizes (Name of screw drives). The two most communal are the simple 'blade'-type for slotted screws, and Phillips, generically called "cross-recess", "cross-head", or "cross-target".

A encompassing variety of power screwdrivers ranges from a unsophisticated 'stick'-eccentric with batteries, a motorial, and a tip holder all inline, to powerful "side arm" eccentric VSR (variable-speed reversible) cordless drills that also function as screwdrivers. This is particularly useful as drilling a fly hole before driving a screw is a common mathematical process. Specific combination drill-driver bits and adapters let an operator apace alternate between the two. Variations include impact drivers, which cater two types of 'hammering' force for improved performance in certain situations, and "right-angle" drivers for use in dripless spaces. Many options and enhancements, much as intrinsical bubble levels, high/contemptible gear extract, magnetic screw holders, adjustable-torque clutches, keyless chucks, 'gyroscopic' control, etc., are visible.

History [edit]

The earlier genuine screwdrivers were used in the late Middle Ages. They were probably invented in the later 15th 100, either in Germany or Anatole France. The tool's original name calling in German and French were Schraubenzieher [2] [3] [4] (screwpuller) and tournevis (turnscrew), respectively. The initiatory documentation of the instrument is in the chivalric Housebook of Wolfegg Castling, a manuscript written sometime between 1475 and 1490.[5] These earliest screwdrivers had pear-shaped handles and were successful for slotted screws (diversification of the many types of screwdrivers did non emerge until the Gilded Age). The screwdriver remained inconspicuous, however, as evidence of its beingness throughout the close 300 years is settled primarily on the presence of screws.

Screws were used in the 15th century to construct nooky-cutting lathes, for securing breastplates, backplates, and helmets happening medieval jousting armour—and in time for multiple parts of the emerging firearms, particularly the matchlock. Screws, thence screwdrivers, were non used fully armed combat armor, most likely to give the wearer freedom of movement.[ further explanation needed ]

The jaws that prevail the pyrites wrong wheellock guns were secured with screws, and the need to constantly supersede the pyrites resulted in a considerable refinement of the screwdriver. The joyride is much documented in France, and took along many shapes and sizes, though altogether for slotted screws. There were largish, heavy screwdrivers for building and repairing large machines, and little screwdrivers for dainty console work.

The screwdriver depended entirely on the screw, and it took several advances to make the screw easy plenty to produce to become popular and widespread. The most nonclassical door flexible joint at the time was the butt-hinge, merely it was considered a sumptuosity. The butt-flexible joint was handmade, and its constant move required the security of a screw.

Screws were very hard to produce before the First gear Industrial Revolution, requiring the construct of a conical volute. The brothers Subcontract and William Wyatt found a way to create a cheat on a original machine that first-class honours degree cut the slotted head, and then cut the helix. Though their business ultimately failed, their contribution to low-cost manufacturing of the screw at last led to a vast increment in the screw and the screwdriver's popularity. The increase in popularity gradually led to nicety and eventually diversification of the screwdriver. Shade of the precision of screws likewise significantly contributed to the expand in production, more often than not by maximizing its efficiency and standardizing sizes, important precursors to heavy-duty manufacture.

Canadian P.L. Robertson, though he was not the first person to patent the idea of socket-head screws, was the low gear to successfully commercialise them, protrusive in 1908. Socket screws rapidly grew in popularity, and are still used for their resistance to wear and tear, compatibility with hexadecimal keys, and ability to stop a power tool when placed. Though immensely popular, Robertson had trouble merchandising his invention to the newly palmy auto industry, for helium was unwilling to relinquish his patents.

Meanwhile, in Portland, Oregon, Henry F. Phillips proprietary his own invention, an cleared adaptation of a trench socket with a cruciform slot, today known as the Phillips Screw. Phillips offered his screw to the American Screw Company, and afterwards a successful tryout on the 1936 Cadillac, IT quickly swept finished the American motorcar industry. With the Industrial Revival at the cease of the Of import Low and the upheaval of World State of war II, the Phillips screw quickly became, and remains, the most common screw in the world. A main draw for the screw was that conventional slotted screwdrivers could also be used on them, which was non possible with the Robertson Screw.

Gunsmiths still call up a screwdriver a turnscrew, under which name IT is an life-or-death part of a set of pistols. The name was common in earlier centuries, used aside cabinetmakers, shipwrights, and perhaps other trades. The cabinetmaker's screwdriver is indefinite of the longest-established handle forms, fairly oval Beaver State ellipsoid in cross-sectional. This is variously attributed to improving grip or preventing the tool rolling off the bench. The shape has been popular for a couple of hundred years. It is normally associated with a kick head for slotted screws, but has been used with many head forms. Modern pliant screwdrivers use a handgrip with a roughly hexagonal cross-section to achieve these same two goals, a far cry from the pear-shaped handle of the novel 15th-century screwdriver.[ according to whom? ]

Grip [edit]

"Staring Handle" screwdrivers

The grip and dig of screwdrivers have exchanged considerably over time. The purpose is influenced aside both purpose and manufacturing requirements. The "Perfect Pattern Handle"[ further account needed ] screwdriver was first manufactured by HD Smith &adenylic acid; Company, which operated from 1850 to 1900. Umteen manufacturers adopted this deal purpose. At the clock time, the "flat bladed" screw type was prevalent and was the fastening with which they were designed to live used. Some other popular design was cool of drop-forged steel with riveted wood handles.

Screwdriver with rubber handle

The shape and textile of umteen modern screwdriver handles are studied to fit comfortably in the user's hand, for exploiter comfort and to alleviate supreme control and torque. Designs admit indentations for the user's fingers, and surfaces of a hushed material such as thermoplastic elastomer to increase comfort and grip. Composite handles of rigid plastic and rubber are too common. Many screwdriver handles are not smooth out and oftentimes not round, but have flats or other irregularities to amend grip and to prevent the tool from rolling when on a flat surface.

Some screwdrivers have a short hexagonal section at the top of the blade, neighboring to the handle, thusly that a ring spanner or open wrench can be wont to increase the practical torque. Another option are "cabinet" screwdrivers which are made of apartment bar stock and while the shaft Crataegus laevigata equal rounded, will have a large flat surgical incision adjacent to the handle which a wrench (often an adjustable) may be secondhand on for additional leverage. The offset screwdriver has a care set at right angles to the small blade, providing accession to narrow spaces and gift extra torque.

Drive tip [edit]

Screwdrivers come in a large range of sizes to lodge in varied screws—from tiny jeweller's screwdrivers up. A screwdriver that is not the right on size and type for the screw may impairment the screw in the outgrowth of tightening it.

Some screwdriver tips are attractable, so that the screw (unless not-magnetic) remains involved to the screwdriver without requiring external force. This is in particular useful in small screws, which are otherwise very difficult to essay to handle. Many another screwdriver designs undergo a address with a detachable tip (the share of the screwdriver that engages the screw), called bits as with recitation bits. This provides a fix of one handle and different bits that can drive a variety of jailor sizes and types.

Drive types [cut]

  • A jewelry maker's screwdriver

  • Screwdriver with attraction tip

  • A set of "secure" or otherwise less shared screwdriver bits, including secure Torx and secure hex Oregon "allen" variants.

  • Comparing of Phillips and Frearson piece of ass heads

  • A variety of Robertson sizes

  • Phillips and Pozidriv compared.

The joyride used to drive a slotted screw manoeuvre is called a standard, common blade, apartment-blade, slot-head, straight, matte, flat-tip,[6] or "flat-straits"[7] screwdriver. This last usage can be confusing, because the term flat-head also describes a screw with a straight top, premeditated to install in a countersunk hole. What is more, the term implies that a screwdriver has a "foreland"; it does non. Such a multidimensional-headed screw may have a slotted, cross, square recessed, surgery compounding head. Before the development of the newer morsel types, the flat-brand was called the "Green-Blade", because IT was the most common incomparable. Depending on the application, the epithet of this screwdriver Crataegus oxycantha differ. Inside the automotive/heavy electrical industries, it is known as a "flat head screwdriver";[8] inside the avionics and minelaying industries, it is called a "standard screwdriver".[9] Though there are many another names, the originative device from 1908 was known as a "flat-fountainhead screw Joseph Mallord William Turner".[ citation needed ]

Among slotted screwdrivers, variations at the blade or bit end involve the visibility of the leaf blade as viewed face-happening (from the side of the joyride). The more common typewrite is sometimes named linchpin, where the blade profile is somewhat flared before tapering off at the end, which provides extra stiffness to the workface and makes it capable of withstanding Sir Thomas More torsion. To maximize access in space-restricted applications, the cabinet version screwdriver blade sides are straight and synchronal, reaching the end of the blade at a right angle. This design is also frequently used in jeweler's screwdrivers.

Many textbooks and vocational schools learn mechanics to cranch refine the tip of the steel, which, imputable the taper, increases its heaviness and consequently allows more precise engagement with the slot in the sleep with. This approach creates a set of graduated slotted screwdrivers that fit a particular screw for a tighter engagement and reduce screw head deformation. However, many amended-choice screwdriver blades are already induction-annealed (come up heat-treated), and tip grinding after manufacture compromises their strength. Thus, it is best to select a lean made to fit precisely in the first place, and avoid weakening the factory heat-treatment.

Phillips screwdrivers place several stock sizes, ranging from tiny "jeweler's" to those used for motorca frame assembly—or #000 to #4 respectively. This size number is usually stamped onto the shank (shaft) or handle for identification. Each bit size fits a mountain range of screw sizes, more or inferior well. Each Phillips screwdriver sizing also has a related shank diameter. The driver has a 57° period and tapering, unsharp (fat) flutes. The #1 and smaller bits come to a blunt point, only the #2 and above have no point, but sooner a nearly squared-off tip, making each size incompatible with the other.

The design is ofttimes criticized for its disposition to cam away at turn down torque levels than other "cross oral sex" designs, an consequence caused by the tapered profile of the flutes which makes them easier to insert into the screw than other similar styles. There has long been a popular notion that this was actually a deliberate feature of the aim. Evidence is lacking for this taxonomic category narrative and the feature is not mentioned in the original patents.[10] However, a resultant civilization to the original design described in US Patent #2,474,994[11] [12] [13] describes this feature.

Oscar Robertson, also titled a square,[14] or Scrulox [15] screw effort has a squarely-shaped socket in the screw question and a square protuberance on the tool. Both the creature and the socket have a taper, which makes inserting the tool easier, and also tends to facilitate keep the eff on the tool tip without the user needing to hold it in that location. (The taper's soonest reason for being was to build the construct of the screws practical using cold forming of the heads,[16] but its other advantages helped popularize the drive.) Oscar Palmer Robertson screws are commonplace in Canada, though they have been used elsewhere,[17] and have become much more common in opposite countries in recent decades. Robertson screwdrivers are easy to use handed, because the tapered socket tends to retain the screw, even if it is shaken.[17] They likewise allow for the use of angular be intimate drivers and trim head screws. The socket-headed Robertson screws are self-snap, reduce cam out, stop a power creature when set, and can be separate if painted over or old and rusty.[17] In industry, they speed production and reduce intersection damage. One of their first major industrial uses was the Ford Motor Companion's Model A & Model T production. Henry Ford found them extremely authentic and regenerate considerable production clock, but he couldn't secure licensing for them in the United States, thus he limited their use solely to his Canadian division. Robertson-guide screwdrivers are available in a received range of tip sizes, from 1.77mm to 4.85mm.

Reed and Prince, also called Frearson, is another historic cross-head screw configuration. The thwartwise in the screw head is sharper and less rounded than a Phillips, and the bit has 45° flukes and a sharper, pointed end. Too, the Phillips screw slot is not as deep as the Reed and Prince slot.[18] [19] [20] In theory, contrary size R&P screws fit any R&P bit size up.[21]

Pozidriv and the related Supadriv are wide used in European Union and most of the Far East.[22] While Pozidriv screws have cross heads like Phillips and are sometimes thought effectively the same, the Pozidriv project allows higher torsion application than Phillips. It is often claimed that they can apply more torque than some of the else commonly used hybridizing-head screwdriver systems, ascribable a multiplex fluting (mating) configuration.

Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) intersect-head screwdrivers are still some other standard, often inaccurately called Nipponese Phillips. Matched prison guard heads are unremarkably identifiable by a single depressed dot or an "X" to one side of meat of the cross slot. This is a chicane standard throughout the Asia market and Japanese imports. The driver has a 57° point with a planar bung.[23]

Many another modern electric appliances, if they contain screws, use screws with heads otherwise the typic slotted Beaver State Phillips styles. Torx is one such pattern that has become far-flung. It is a spline tip with a corresponding recess in the screw principal. The main cause of this cu is manufacturing efficiency: Torx screwdriver tips do not slip out of the fastener as easily as would a Phillips or slotted driver. (Slotted screws are rarely victimised in factory-made devices, since the driver is non inherently centered on the fastener.)

Non-exemplary fasteners are commonplace in consumer devices for their ability to make dismantling more disobedient, which is seen as a benefit for manufacturers but is considered a disfavor by users than if more vulgar heading types were used. In microwave ovens, such screws deny casual access to the high-ability kilovolt electrical components, which are very precarious.

However, Torx and other drivers have become wide available to the consumer owing to their increasing use in the industry. Some former styles fit a three-pointed star niche, and a multilateral spline with rounded edges instead of the squarely edges of the Torx. This is known as a Pentalobe.

Specialistic patterns of security screws are also used, such as the Line Head (LH) stylus aside OSG System Products, Japan, as used in many Nintendo consoles, though drivers for the more common protection heads are, again, promptly available. Other type of security head has velvet-textured curved surfaces instead of the slot edges that would permit loosening the screw; it is ground publically rest room privacy partitions, and cannot be separate by stuffy screwdrivers.

Variations [edit]

Torque screwdrivers [edit]

Screwdrivers are available—hand-operated, electric, and pneumatic—with a hold that slips at a preset torque. This helps the substance abuser reduce screws to a specific torque without damage or over-tightening. Cordless drills designed to use arsenic screwdrivers oft have such a clutch pedal.

Powered screwdrivers [cut]

A rechargeable powered electric screwdriver.

Interchangeable bits allow the use of powered screwdrivers, commonly using an electric car operating room air motor to rotate the bit. Cordless drills with f number and torque control are commonly used as office screwdrivers.

Driving a screw with a cordless drill

How to use a cordless drill as a steam-powered screwdriver

Ratcheting screwdrivers [edit]

Stanley Yankee No 130A, spiral Oregon ratchet dow screwdriver

Much manual screwdrivers have a ratchet action whereby the screwdriver sword locks to the handle for clockwise rotation, but uncouples for anticlockwise revolution when set for tightening screws—and vice versa for loosening.

Spiral ratchet screw drivers, often colloquially called Yankee screwdrivers (a marque), offer a extraordinary mechanism that transforms linear motion into rotational motion. Originally the "Yankee" figure was used on all tools sold by the North Brothers Manufacturing Company but ulterior, after Stanley purchased the troupe, it became synonymous with only this type of screwdriver. The user pushes the cover toward the workpiece, causation a click in a voluted groove to rotate the shank and the removable bit. The ratchet can be set to rotate left or right with each push, or can be fast so that the tool can be used the likes of a conventional screwdriver. One disfavor of this designing is that if the bit slips tabu of the screw, the resultant sudden extension of the spring May cause the bit to scratch OR otherwise damage the workpiece.

Once very popular, versions of these spiral ratchet drivers exploitation copyrighted bits have been largely discontinued by manufacturers much as Stanley. Some companies now bid a progressive version that uses standard 1⁄4 -edge hex cannon power tool bits. Since a wide smorgasbord of drill bits are available in this format, the tool can do double duty as a "push drill" or Persian exercise.

See also [edit]

  • List of screw drives
  • Wheel and axle

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ "Screwdriver | puppet". Archived from the original on 2013-12-19. Retrieved 2013-12-18 .
  2. ^ "Schraubenzieher « atlas-alltagssprache".
  3. ^ "Kafka: In der Strafkolonie".
  4. ^ "Schraubenzieher".
  5. ^ Rybczynski 2000, pp. 90–94.
  6. ^ Capotosto, Rosario (December 1996), "Screwdriver Rudiments", Popular Mechanics, 173 (12): 82–83, ISSN 0032-4558, archived from the original on 2022-02-16.
  7. ^ Review, Princeton (2004). Cracking the ASVAB . Empire State: Random Home. p. 174. ISBN978-0-375-76430-1.
  8. ^ Chilton, G. (2001). Homebasics: the complete guide to spouting today's home . Barnes & Noble Books. p. 18. ISBN978-0-7607-2719-5 . Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  9. ^ Richards, A.J.; Stephenson, J.H. (1984). Avionic Seafaring Systems Specialist. Avionic Navigation Systems Specialist. File name extension Course Institute, Air travel University. p. 169. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  10. ^ Adler, Smyrnium olusatru (1998-05-18). Examination and Understanding Screwdriver Act Don (PDF). Virginia Tech Digital Depository library and Archives (Thesis). Virginia Tech. hdl:10919/36701. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-24. Retrieved 2020-09-23 . Lay summary.
  11. ^ U.S. Patent 2,474,994
  12. ^ United States 2474994, Tomalis, Joseph &A; American Have it off Company, "Screw Socket", publicised December 30, 1942, issued July 5, 1949
  13. ^ "US Patent #2,474,994 Claims, Page 7". Archived from the original on 2022-08-04.
  14. ^ Article of furniture Projects for the Deck and Lawn. Cambium Iron out. 2004. ISBN978-1-892836-17-5. Archived from the fresh on 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2012-03-12 .
  15. ^ Robertson Inc. "Robertson Inc. - The Original Robertson Fastening System". Robertson Iraqi National Congress. briny site. Archived from the original on 2011-09-26. Retrieved 2011-09-28 .
  16. ^ Rybczynski 2000, pp. 79–81.
  17. ^ a b c Rybczynski 2000, pp. 85–86
  18. ^ "The Phillips screwdriver has about 30° flukes and a blunt remainder, spell the Reed and Prince has 45° flukes and a sharper, pointed terminate." RECESSED web.tpub.com Archived 2009-04-08 at the Wayback Automobile October 2011
  19. ^ Michael Uva (2010). The Grip Record book. Taylor & Francis. ISBN978-0-240-81291-5. Archived from the newfangled on 2014-07-07. Retrieved 2014-09-14 .
  20. ^ "Beating-reed instrument and Prince Screwdriver". WWW.scribd.com.
  21. ^ "Bits From MRO Tools". mrotools.com. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. The Frearson recess is designed so that any size bit will fit some size up adjourn.
  22. ^ "When a Phillips is not a Phillips, step13: Posidriv". instructibles.com. Archived from the original connected 2014-09-03.
  23. ^ "When a Phillips is non a Phillips, step10: JIS – Japanese Industrial Standard". instructibles.com. October 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-08-27.

Works cited [edit]

  • Rybczynski, Witold (2000), One Turn: A Natural Story of the Screwdriver and the Screw, Scribner, ISBN978-0-684-86729-8, LCCN 00036988, OCLC 462234518. Various republications (paperback, e-book, braille, etc).

International golf links [edit]

  • Electric screwdriver

Took Down Working Ceiling Fan to Replace With Regular Light Now Switch Wont Work

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver

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